Water in fuel nanoemulsion and method of making the same

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is directed to a composition and method for producing a nanoemulsion comprising fuel and water. The composition and method can produce a transparent and stable water in fuel nanoemulsion. The disclosure is directed to various surfactants and water contents that may be usable to improve fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions that plague known fuels.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. National Stageapplication Ser. No. 16/639,638, which was filed under 35 U.S.C. 371 onFeb. 17, 2020, which claimed priority to PCT Application No.PCT/US2018/047013 filed Aug. 19, 2018, which claimed priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/547,136, filed Aug. 18, 2017, thecontents of which are all incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

The demand for hydrocarbon is increasing even as alternative energysources become more common. Transportation is still a major use ofenergy and demand for fuels used for transportation, jet fuel anddiesel, for example, continues to rise. Use of these fuels generatesemissions that can cause increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,which has been cited as a cause of global warming.

Increasing the efficiency of fuel can be obtained by adding water to thefuel or injecting water into the intake of an engine. Creating anemulsion of water in diesel fuel is an example fuel that has been usedto reduce the emission pollution for combustion engines. However, theseknown fuel emulsions only permit a limited water ratio and are not asstable as a nanoemulsion.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is directed to a composition and method forproducing a nanoemulsion comprising fuel and water. The composition andmethod can produce a transparent and stable water in fuel nanoemulsion.The disclosure is directed to various surfactants and water contentsthat may be usable to improve fuel efficiency and reduced carbonemissions that plague known fuels. The particulars described herein areby way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of theexamples of the subject disclosure only and are presented in the causeof providing what is believed to be the most useful and readilyunderstood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of thesubject disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure is directed to a composition and method forproducing a nanoemulsion comprising fuel and water. The composition andmethod can produce a transparent and stable water in fuel nanoemulsion.The disclosure is directed to various surfactants and water contentsthat may be usable to improve fuel efficiency and reduced carbonemissions that plague known fuels. The particulars described herein areby way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of theexamples of the subject disclosure only and are presented in the causeof providing what is believed to be the most useful and readilyunderstood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of thesubject disclosure.

Advantageously and unexpectedly, the method of mixture of emulsifiers orsurfactants and the ratio of the emulsifiers or surfactants permits astable nanoemulsion of various water contents with various base fuels.The nanoemulsion can be kinetically stable and can include small dropletsizes ranging from 10-200 nanometers. The present disclosureadvantageously and unexpectedly discloses a formulation and method ofproducing a nanoemulsion that is applicable to various oleaginous fluidsor fuels, including but not limited to natural or synthetic oils,selected from a group that may include diesel, biodiesel, gasoline,kerosene, mineral oil, synthetic oils, fuel oils, such as bunker oil,jet oil, and heating oil.

The nanoemulsion of the disclosure can comprise an oleaginous externalphase and an aqueous internal phase that are stabilized by one or moresurfactants. The internal phase of the nanoemulsion may comprise anaqueous internal phase, such as fresh water, sea water, tap water andtreated water, such as Filtered, reverse osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI),protonated, alkaline and plasma treated water. Advantageously andunexpectedly, the nanoemulsion is capable having a high-water content.For example, the nanoemulsion may have percent by weight (wt %) ofaqueous internal phase in a range having a lower limit selected from anyof 10 wt %, 15 wt %, 20 wt %, 25 wt %, and 30% wt to an upper limitselected from any of 30 wt %, 35 wt %, 40 wt %, 45 wt %, and 50 wt %.

In one or more embodiments, the nanoemulsion may have percent by weight(wt %) of oleaginous external phase in a range having a lower limitselected from any of 35 wt %, 40 wt %, and 45 wt % to an upper limitselected from any of 50 wt %, 55 wt %, 60 wt %, 70 wt %, and 80 wt %.

In an embodiment, a mixture of surfactants will be used with oleaginousexternal phase and an aqueous internal phase to form the nanoemulsion.As an example, the surfactants may comprise one or more nonionicsurfactant. The nonionic surfactants can be combined in a ratio toprovide a synergistic effect to permit stable emulsions with significantwater ratios. The surfactants may be soluble in water, miscible inorganic solvents and/or insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons. Thesurfactants may have an amphipathic structure comprising a polar,hydrophilic “head” region and a non-polar hydrophobic “tail” region. Inone or more embodiments, the surfactants may include a mixture of estersfrom fatty acids, including but not limited to stearic acid, lauricacid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acid. In one or moreembodiments, the surfactants may be derived from sorbitol, polyols formsorbitol, glycol, including but not limited to ethylene glycol, anypolymer of ethylene glycol, or other alcohol.

In one or more embodiments, the surfactants can comprise one or more ofthe following sorbitan monolaurate (“Span 20”), sorbitan sesquioleate(“Span 83”), sorbitan monooleate (“Span 80”), polyoxyethylene (6)sorbitan monolaurate (“Tween 21”), polyoxyethylene (6) sorbitanmonooleate (“Tween 81”), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate(“Tween 60”), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (“Tween 80”),polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate (“Tween 85”), polyethyleneglycol (10EO) monostearate (“MYS 10”), polyethylene glycol (10EO)monolaurate (“MYL 10”), polyethylene glycol (25EO) monostearate (“MYS25”), polyethylene glycol distearate (“CDS-400”), polyethylene glycoldiisostearate (“CDIS-400”), tetraglycerol monooleate (“MO-310”),hexaglycerol monooleate (“MO-500”), tetraglycerol monolaurate(“ML-310”), tetraglycerol monosterate (“MS-310”), hexaglycerolsesquistearate (“SS-500”), decaglycerol tristearate (“TS-750”), and4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl) phenyl-polyethylene glycol,t-Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, Polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenylether (“Triton X-100”).

In one or more embodiments, a first surfactant used in the nanoemulsionhas a HLB value in a range having a lower limit selected from any of2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 to an upper limit selected from any of 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5,and 6. In one or more embodiments, the first surfactant has a HLB valueof around 4. In one or more embodiments, a second surfactant may be usedwith or without the first surfactant.

The second surfactant can have a HLB value in a range having a lowerlimit selected from any of 13, 14, and 15 to an upper limit selectedfrom any of 15, 16 and 17. In one or more embodiments, the secondsurfactant has a HLB value of around 15. Furthermore, in one or moreembodiments, a third surfactant can be used in the nanoemulsion with orwithout the first surfactant and the second surfactant. The thirdsurfactant can have a HLB value in a range having a lower limit selectedfrom any of 10, 11, 12, 13 to an upper limit selected from any of 13,14, 15, 16.

In one or more embodiments, the first surfactant, the second surfactantand the third surfactant are provided in the nanoemulsion in equalweight percent. In one or more embodiment, the weight percent of thesurfactants in the nanoemulsion can have a range having a lower limitselected from any of 4, 5, 6, and 7 weight percent to an upper limitselected from any of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 weight percent.

Additives may be included in the nanoemulsion. For example, a firstadditive may be applied to prevent freezing. In one or more embodiments,the first additive may be glycol based, including but not limited toethylene glycol. The first additive ethylene glycol destabilizes theaqueous internal phase so as not to freeze at low temperatures. In oneor more embodiment, the weight percent of the first additive in thenanoemulsion can have a range having a lower limit selected from any of1, 2, 3, 4, 5 weight percent to an upper limit selected from any of 5,6, and 7 weight percent.

A second additive may be provided to improve burning efficiency,depending on the use of the nanoemulsion. In one or more embodiments,the second additive may be alkane hydrocarbon, such as an acyclicsaturated hydrocarbon, including but not limited to hexadecane (cetane).The second additive may have a range having a lower limit selected fromany of 0.5, 0.75, and 1 weight percent to an upper limited selected fromany of 0.75, 1, 2 and 3.

A third additive may be provided as a defoamer to prevent or reduce foamwithin the nanoemulsion. The third additive can be immiscible in water.In one or more embodiment, the third additive may comprise an alcoholwith an alkane, including but not limited to 1-octanol, 2-octanol,2-ethylhexanol, or other de-foaming agents. The third additive may havea range having a lower limit selected from any of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 weightpercent to an upper limited selected from any of 0.075, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3weight percent.

The method of producing the nanoemulsion fuel can be produced using aspecific process that may be modified based on the use of thenanoemulsion fuel, base fuel used and/or desired weight percent water.The unexpected process provides a method that is applicable over a rangeof fuels and a weight percent range of aqueous fluid.

Aqueous fluid, such as water, is added during the nanoemulsion processto produce fuels with the respective water content desired. Oleaginousfluid, such as fuel, is added in the desired weight percent. Eacholeaginous fluid or fuel has different specific processing parametersand conditions to produce different nanoemulsion fuels.

This process can provide a unique ratio of surfactants with agitation toprovide a nanoemulsion usable as a fuel. Degassing of the nanoemulsionfluid through processing in a vacuum desiccator or planetary vacuummixer and/or addition of the third additive can prevent gas and/orentrapped air bubbles in the nanoemulsion fluid and can produce improvedand stable fuels.

In addition to the unexpected combination of surfactants, the disclosureprovides a method of producing a nanoemulsion with the use of elevatedtemperatures in the process. High temperature and pressure systems canbe combined, and different sonication wavelengths (e.g., microwave andother wavelengths) or heat sources can be used for the nanoemulsionprocess in order to improve nanofuel production systems. For example,microwave and/or any other heat sources can enhance the nanoemulsionprocess. In one or more embodiments, the process uses temperatures thatcan range from a lower limit selected from any of 30, 35, 40, and 45degrees Celsius to an upper limit selected from any of 45, 50, 55, 60and 70 degrees Celsius to provide the nanoemulsion fuel.

The examples below illustrate that many different nanoemulsion fuels canbe obtained by changing the processing parameters for each fuel.Chemical formulations, processing parameters, and production steps arethe key parameters to produce nanoemulsion fuels. The nanoemulsion fuelsset forth in the examples present new fuels that will not only improvethe fuel efficiency and engine performance, but also reduce the variousemissions, such as NOx, CO, CO₂, and particulate matters from combustionengines and fuel burners.

In various other embodiments of the disclosure, specific step-by-stepprocesses can produce stable nanoemulsion fuels. The nanoemulsion can beused in transportation, energy, and petroleum industries to provideenvironmentally friendlier fuels. Specifically, transportation (car,aircraft, ship, train, truck, heavy machineries, and so on), fuelburners, power plants, steam generators, household heating, and variousother chemical and biomedical industries can benefit from this process.

Although only a few examples are set forth in detail, those skilled inthe art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible inthe examples without materially departing from this subject disclosure.Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included withinthe scope of this disclosure as defined in the claims.

EXAMPLES

In several of the following examples, results are significantly improvedby adding the third additive. For example, a few drops (e.g., 2 drops orabout 0.1 wt %) of octanol (e.g., an alcohol with a formula CsHnOH) isadded to the mixture. In certain examples, the total amount of octanolis about 0.1 wt %.

In the Examples, note that: Fuel #1 is Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil,Wichita, Kans.; Fuel #2 is Diesel Fuel sourced from QT Station®,Wichita, Kans.; Fuel #6 is Bunker Oil sourced from Bomin® Bunker OilCorp, TX; and, Fuel #4 is 1:1 mixture of Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) and DieselFuel (Fuel #2).

Example A (Diesel Fuel with 30 wt % Water Content)

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

24 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

4 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of octanol (0.1 wt %)

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins to obtain a homogeneous milkyproduct at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat).

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a sonicator at room temperature or 40-50° C.(microwave heat). Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span 80) is about 9g in the second step. Increase the sonication time and temperature,resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. Clear nanoemulsion fuel isobserved when the temperature of the nanoemulsion fuel is reduced toroom temperature.

Results: Freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C validate that this Exampleavoids any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.

Example B (Diesel Fuel with 40 wt % Water Content)

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

39 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)

5.34 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of octanol (0.1 wt %)

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins to obtain a homogeneous milkyproduct at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat).

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a sonicator at room temperature or 40-50° C.(microwave heat). Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span 80) is about12.5 g in the second step. Increase the sonication time and temperature,resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. Clear nanoemulsion fuel isobserved when the temperature of the nanoemulsion fuel is reduced toroom temperature.

Results: Freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C validate that this exampleavoids any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.

Example C (Diesel Fuel with 22 wt % Water Content)

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

14 g Filtered Brita® Water

5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

3.5 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of octanol (0.1 wt %)

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins to obtain a homogeneous milkyproduct at room temperature or 40-50° C. (microwave heat).

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a sonicator at room temperature or 40-50° C.(microwave heat). Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span 80) is about 6g in the second step. Increase the sonication time and temperature,resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. Clear nanoemulsion fuel isobserved when the temperature of the nanoemulsion fuel is reduced toroom temperature.

Results: Freezing tests between 50° C. and −8° C. validate that thisexample avoids any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation,and viscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.

Example D (Fuel Oil #1 is Jet Fuel)

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

0, 2, 4, and 8 g Ethylene Glycol (four separate sub examples)

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins (20% power on a Sonics® 130 WUltrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB)) to obtain ahomogeneous milky product at both room temperature and 40-50° C.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a sonicator. Stop adding these surfactants whennanofuel mixture turns clear. Total surfactant use (Triton X-100+Span80) is about 12 g in the second step. Increase the sonication time andtemperature, resulting in a more stable nanoemulsion. 2 and 4 g ofEthylene Glycol provides better nanoemulsion fuels.

Results: Freezing tests between 22° C. and 0° C. validate that thisexample avoids any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation,and viscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.

Example E (Fuel Oil #4)

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

62 g Fuel Oil #4 (obtained from Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) well mixed withDiesel (Fuel #2) at a 1:1 ratio)

38 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

0, 2, 4, and 8 g Ethylene Glycol (four separate sub examples)

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins to obtain a homogeneous product(may not be clear because of the black color of the fuel) at both roomtemperature and 40-50° C.

Results: Freezing tests between 22° C. and 0° C. validate that thisexample avoids any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation,and viscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.

Example F (Bunker Oil—Ship Fuel (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX))

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

55 g Bunker Oil

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span

-   -   80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

1 g Ethylene Glycol

The above mixture was sonicated for 10 mins (20% power on a Sonics® 130W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB)) to obtain ahomogeneous product (may not be clear because of the black color of thefuel) at both room temperature and 40-50° C.

Step #2: 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1), wasweighed to determine the actual weights, and added drop-wise into theprevious solution using a sonicator.

Step #3: 4 ml of above mixture was put into four separate vials andrespectively add 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt % of Ethylene Glycol (four separatesubexamples) and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.

Results: Freezing tests between 22 C and 0° C. validated that thisexample avoided any unacceptable turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation,and viscosity changes. Burning tests demonstrate acceptable burning.

Example G

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

42 g Pure Kerosene (Ace Hardware®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-

100+Span

-   -   80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

0.5 g Hexadecane

0.5 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N).

As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants,and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture thatyou used in this step.

Step #3: Freezing tests between 22 C and 0° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Results: The above emulsion was mixed well, and test results were good(stable and clear nanoemulsion fuel). This was deemed a successful test.

Example H

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

42 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

0.5 g Hexadecane

0.5 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N).

As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants,and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture thatyou used in this step.

Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and 0° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example I

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span

-   -   80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

3 g Liquid Dishwasher (Liquid Soap)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80+LiquidDishwasher solution (25:25:50), weigh them to find the actual weights,and add it dropwise into the previous solution while sonicating thesolution with a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N).During the homogenization, pay attention about the color changes in thenanoemulsion.

Step #3: Freezing tests were conducted between 22 C and 0° C. in afreezer to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation,and viscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example J

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Homogenize the above mixture at 35,000 rpm for 10 mins using ahomogenizer. Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in thisstep. In this step, please don't use sonication.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution while homogenizing the solution.

During the homogenization, pay attention about the color changes in thenanoemulsion.

Step #3: Freezing tests between 22 C and 0° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Results: The above emulsion was mixed well, and test results were good(stable and clear nanofuel). This was deemed a successful test, but thisresults were not as good as Fuel Oil #1 Test 7 (Jet Fuel) test above.

Example K

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span

-   -   80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the dishwasher liquid solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N).

Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example L

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

0, 2, 4 and 8 g Ethylene Glycol (Four Tests)

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step. Later you can play with theamount of the hexadecane contents and other surfactants and solvents.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding thesesurfactants, and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature ofthe solution in the sonicator is not too high.

Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example M

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

40 g Fuel Oil #1 (Jet Fuel sourced from Hampel Oil®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding thesesurfactants, and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature ofthe solution in the sonicator is not too high.

Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example N

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

62 g Bunker Oil+Diesel (1:1 ratio)—mix well before adding intosonication

38 g Filtered Brita® Water

Homogenize the above mixture for 10 mins using a homogenizer. Make surethat you get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil/Diesel mixtureis black, so you may not get a clear nanoemulsion.

Fuel oil #4 is the mixture of Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) and Diesel (Fuel Oil#2) at 50:50 mixture.

Step #2: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer todetermine if there is any changes.

Step #3: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example O

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

60 g Bunker Oil+Diesel (1:1 ratio) makes Fuel #4—mix well before addinginto sonication

38 g Filtered Brita® Water

0%, 0.25 wt %, 0.50 wt % and 1.00 wt % SDS in Filtered water (Four TestsHere)

2 g Hexadecane

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil/Diesel mixture is black, soyou may not get a clear nanoemulsion.

Fuel Oil #4 is the mixture of Bunker Oil (Fuel #6) and Diesel (Fuel Oil#2) at 50:50 mixture.

Step #2: Take 4 ml of Fuel Oil #4, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15wt % of ethylene glycol, diesel and ethanol, and vortex/handshake for1-2 minutes. Label all the tests properly.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer todetermine if there is any changes.

Results: The above nanoemulsion was mixed well, but failed when higherconcentration of SDS was added (made a thick solution). This was deemeda failed test.

Example P

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Plantaren® 2000 N UP and Lumisorb™ PSMO-20 FGK (1:1 weight ratio)

2 g Hexadecane

2 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Plantaren® 2000 N UP and Lumisorb™PSMO-20 FGK (1:1 ratio), weigh them to find the actual weights, and addit drop-wise into the previous solution using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add thesurfactant solution very slowly and increase the sonication time.Increasing sonication time may cut down the amount of surfactants used.

As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants,and find out the actual weights of Plantaren® 2000 N UP and Lumisorb™PSMO-20 FGK.

Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt %of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.

Step #4: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example Q

Step #1: Take 4 g of mixture, put into vials, and add drop wise 0, 0.5,1.0 and 1.5 g of ethylene glycol, ethanol and pure diesel separatelyinto the vials while stirring (magnetic bar) on a hot plate. Let'scompare all the tests each other. Total tests will be 10.

Step #2: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #3: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example R

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step. We can replace Triton X-100,Span 80 and Tween 80 with other alternatives later.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly andincrease the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut downthe amount of surfactants used.

As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants,and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature ofthe solution in the sonicator is not too high.

Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt %of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.

Step #4: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example S

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step. We can replace Triton X-100,Span 80 and Tween 80 with other alternatives later.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly andincrease the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut downthe amount of surfactants used.

As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants,and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature ofthe solution in the sonicator is not too high.

If you see some cloudiness on the nanofuel, please sonicate second orthird times.

Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt %of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.

Step #4: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example T

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 5 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic ProcessorSonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milkyproduct in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly andincrease the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut downthe amount of surfactants used. Make sure that the 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N) works well in both steps.

As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants,and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80mixture that you used in this step.

If you see some cloudiness on the nanofuel, please sonicate second andthird times to make them clear and stable.

Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt %of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.

Step #4: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example U

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you maynot get clear nanoemulsion.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the colorchanges in the nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt %of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.

Step #4: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer todetermine if there is any changes.

Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example V

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

40 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you maynot get clear nanoemulsion.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the colorchanges in the nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt %of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.

Step #4: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer todetermine if there is any changes.

Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example W

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

45 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you maynot get clear nanoemulsion.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the colorchanges in the nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt ofethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.

Step #4: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer todetermine if there is any changes.

Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example X

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

55 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you maynot get clear nanoemulsion.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). During the sonication, pay attention about the colorchanges in the nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt %of ethylene glycol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2 minutes.

Step #4: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer todetermine if there is any changes.

Step #5: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example Y

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

60 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)

38 g Filtered Brita® Water

0, 0.25 wt %, 0.50 wt % and 1.00 wt % SDS in Filtered water (Four TestsHere)

2 g Hexadecane

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you may notget a clear nanoemulsion.

Step #2: Take 4 ml of mixture, put into vials, add 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt %of ethylene glycol, diesel and ethanol, and vortex/handshake for 1-2minutes. Label all the tests properly.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer todetermine if there is any changes.

Results: The above emulsion was mixed well but failed when higherconcentrations of SDS was added (made a thick solution). This was deemeda failed test.

Example Z

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

59 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)

35 g Filtered Brita® Water

4.5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1.5 g Hexadecane

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a sonicator. Make sure thatyou get homogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so youmay not get clear nanoemulsion.

Step #2: Observe any phase changes for 1-2 weeks

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer todetermine if there is any changes.

Results: The above emulsion was mixed well, and test results were good(clear and stabile nanoemulsion). This was deemed a successful test.

Example AA

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

60 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)

38 g Filtered Brita® Water

0, 0.50 wt %, 1.00 wt % and 2.00 wt % SDS in Filtered water (Four TestsHere)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly andincrease the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut downthe amount of surfactants used.

As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants,and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature ofthe solution in the sonicator is not too high.

Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AB

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

60 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)

36 g Filtered Brita® Water

0, 1, 2 and 4 g Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) (Four Tests Here)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step.

Note that when we add more than 40 wt % of water into diesel, burning ofthe nanoemulsion fuel is slower and ignition time drops.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly andincrease the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut downthe amount of surfactants used.

As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants,and find out the actual weights of diesel and Triton X-100 and Span 80mixture that you used in this step. Make sure that the temperature ofthe solution in the sonicator is not too high.

Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AC

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

44 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

2 g Tween 80

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step. Tween 80 can be replacedwith other alternatives if desired.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1ratio), weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise intothe previous solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator(Model MSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution veryslowly and increase the sonication time. Increasing sonication time maycut down the amount of surfactants used.

As soon as you see the clear nanofuel, stop adding these surfactants,and find out the actual weights of Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture thatyou used in this step. Make sure that the temperature of the solution inthe sonicator is not too high.

Step #3: Freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in a freezer wereconducted to determine presence of turbidity/cloudiness, phaseseparation, and viscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AD

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

62 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)

38 g Filtered Brita® Water

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you may notget a clear nanoemulsion.

Step #2: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer todetermine if there is any changes.

Results: The above nanoemulsion was mixed well, but failed after a fewhours. This test was deemed a failure.

Example AE

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

60 g Bunker Oil (Bomin® Bunker Oil Corp, TX)

38 g Filtered Brita® Water

2 g liquid dishwasher soap

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous product in this step. Bunker oil is black, so you may notget a clear nanoemulsion.

Step #2: Do the freezing tests between 22° C. and −22° C. in freezer todetermine if there is any changes.

Step #3: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Results: The above emulsion was mixed well, but failed becausedishwasher soap was not a good surfactant. This was deemed a failedtest.

Example AF

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

23 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span

-   -   80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly andincrease the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut downthe amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel,stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of dieseland Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Makesure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not toohigh.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AG

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid.

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

13 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span

-   -   80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly andincrease the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut downthe amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel,stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of dieseland Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Makesure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not toohigh.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AH

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station-200 , Wichita, Kans.)

23 g Filtered Brita® Water

4 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span

-   -   80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly andincrease the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut downthe amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel,stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of dieseland Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Makesure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not toohigh.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AI

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)

13 g Filtered Brita® Water

3 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span

-   -   80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a Sonics® 130 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model VCX 130 PB) at 20% power. Make sure that youget homogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly andincrease the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut downthe amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel,stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of dieseland Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Makesure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not toohigh.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AJ

Step #1 (No hexadecane): Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

0 g, 1 g, 2 g, 4 g and 8 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution, weighthem to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into the previoussolution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, add the surfactant solution very slowly andincrease the sonication time. Increasing sonication time may cut downthe amount of surfactants used. As soon as you see the clear nanofuel,stop adding these surfactants, and find out the actual weights of dieseland Triton X-100 and Span 80 mixture that you used in this step. Makesure that the temperature of the solution in the sonicator is not toohigh.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AK

Step #1: Put the following items into a jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Heat the mixture in a jar up to 120 F (−49 C) in an oven, and thenhomogenize the above mixture at 20,000 rpm for 10 mins (or high speedmixer) using a homogenizer. Make sure that you get homogeneous milkyproduct in this step. In this step, please don't use sonication ormicrowave.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution while homogenizing the solution at 20,000 rpm untilclear fuel is observed. During the homogenization, pay attention aboutthe color changes in the nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemaulsion burned.

Example AL

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Heat the mixture in a jar up to 120 F (−49 C) in an oven, and then mixthe above mixture at 10,000 rpm for 10 mins using our high speed mixerin WH 125 (or kitchen blender). Make sure that you get homogeneous milkyproduct in this step. In this step, please don't use sonication ormicrowave. Later we can use microwave and induction heater to heat upthe solution.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution while high speed mixing the solution at 10,000 rpmuntil clear fuel is observed. During the mixing, pay attention about thecolor changes in the nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AM

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

40 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Heat up the mixture in a jar up to 120 F (−48 C) in an oven, and thensonicate for 10 mins using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in thisstep. Heating solution to −48 C will help us make the clear nanoemulsionfaster.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution at 48 C while sonication with our 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N) until clear fuel is observed.During the mixing, pay attention about the color changes in thenanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AN

Step #1 Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

15 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

4 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasingsonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AO

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

24 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

4 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasingsonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4 Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AP

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

39 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span

-   -   80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

6 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase thesonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stablenanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AO

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

39 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

4 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase thesonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stablenanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AR

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

14 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

0.67 g Hexadecane (HD)

2.67 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasingsonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AS

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

39 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)

5.34 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase thesonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stablenanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AT

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

14 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

0.5 g Hexadecane (HD)

1 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase thesonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stablenanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AU

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

14 g Filtered Brita® Water

3 and 5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture ofTriton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

0.5 g Hexadecane (HD)

2 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using our big sonicator. At this stage, increase thesonication time. Increasing sonication time may create more stablenanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AV

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

14 g Filtered Brita® Water

5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span

-   -   80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

3.5 g Ethylene Glycol

Sonicate the above mixture for 10 mins using a 300 W UltrasonicProcessor Sonicator (Model MSK-USP-3N). Make sure that you gethomogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasingsonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AW

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

14 g Filtered Brita® Water

5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

3.5 g Ethylene Glycol

High speed homogenize the above mixture for 10 mins at 20,000 and 48 C.Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using high speed homogenization. At this stage,increase the high speed homogenization. Increasing homogenization timemay create more stable nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AX

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

24 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

4 g Ethylene Glycol

High speed homogenize the above mixture for 10 mins at 20,000 and 48 C.Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using high speed homogenization. At this stage,increase the high speed homogenization. Increasing homogenization timemay create more stable nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AY

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

39 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)

5.34 g Ethylene Glycol

High speed homogenize the above mixture for 10 mins at 20,000 and 48 C.Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using high speed homogenization. At this stage,increase the high speed homogenization. Increasing homogenization timemay create more stable nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AZ

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

39 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)

5.34 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of Octanol

High speed homogenize the above mixture for 10 mins at 20,000 and 48 C.Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product in this step. Cool itdown to room temperature before sonication in the second step.

Step #2: Take 10 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weights, and add it drop-wise into theprevious solution using a 300 W Ultrasonic Processor Sonicator (ModelMSK-USP-3N). At this stage, increase the sonication time. Increasingsonication time may create more stable nanoemulsion.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AAA

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

-   -   35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)    -   39 g Filtered Brita® Water    -   6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of        Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)    -   1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)    -   5.34 g Ethylene Glycol 2 drops of Octanol

High speed homogenize the above mixture for 1 minute at 20,000 and 45 C(microwave oven). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product inthis step.

Step #2: Take 12 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weight (about −12.5 g), add this 12.5 ginto the previous solution and hand shake till temperature is reducedfrom 45 C to room temperature (21 C) (No sonication in this step).During the cooling and hand shaking, use ice bath (immersing the jarinto water/ice mixture) to get clear nanoemulsion fuel. Make sure thatdon't keep the jar in the ice water longer, which may get gelated atlower temperature.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AAB

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

14 g Filtered Brita® Water

5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

3.5 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of Octanol

High speed homogenize the above mixture for 1 minute at 20,000 and 45 C(microwave oven). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product inthis step.

Step #2: Take 5.5 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weight (about ˜6 g), add this 6 g into theprevious solution and hand shake till temperature is reduced from 45 Cto room temperature (21 C) (No sonication in this step). During thecooling and hand shaking, use ice bath (immersing the jar into water/icemixture) to get clear nanoemulsion fuel. Make sure that don't keep thejar in the ice water longer, which may get gelated at lower temperature.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AAC

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

24 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

4 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of Octanol

High speed homogenize the above mixture for 1 minute at 20,000 and 45 C(microwave oven). Make sure that you get homogeneous milky product inthis step.

Step #2: Take 8.5 ml mixture of the Triton X-100+Span 80 solution (1:1),weigh them to find the actual weight (about ˜9 g), add this 9 g into theprevious solution and hand shake till temperature is reduced from 45 Cto room temperature (21 C) (No sonication in this step). During thecooling and hand shaking, use ice bath (immersing the jar into water/icemixture) to get clear nanoemulsion fuel. Make sure that don't keep thejar in the ice water longer, which may get gelated at lower temperature.Note that if you heat too much (above 55-60 C) with microwave oven, itdestroys the nanoemulsion systems and makes the nanofuel cloudy.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AAD

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

39 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

12.5 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio)

1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)

5.34 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of Octanol

Step #2: Heat the above solution in the glass jar up to 45-50 C withmicrowave (or up to milky level temperature), and hand shake whilecooling it down to 2 1 C for 4-5 minutes in an ice bath (or usefreezer). It can produce stable nanoemulsions.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50 C and −8 C in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AAE

Step #1: Put the following items into a glass jar with a lid:

35 g Diesel (Wichita, Kans.)

24 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

9 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

4 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of Octanol

This test can eliminate step two process for a better prototypedevelopment.

Step #2: Heat the above solution in the glass jar up to 45-50° C. withmicrowave (or up to milky level temperature), and hand shake whilecooling it down to 21° C. for 4-5 minutes in an ice bath (or usefreezer). It can produce stable nanoemulsions.

Step #3: Do the freezing tests between 50° C. and −8° C. in freezer todetermine if there is any turbidity/cloudiness, phase separation, andviscosity changes.

Step #4: Burning tests in a beaker with a paper or cloth were conductedto determine how well the nanoemulsion burned.

Example AAF

Step #1: Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

39 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1.33 g Hexadecane (HD)

5.34 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of Octanol

Heat it up to 50 C in microwave, and hand shake for a couple minutes.

Step #2: Add 12.5 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio) into theprevious solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.

Step #3: Put this solution in the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup,place into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm, 96kPa vacuum and 3 minutes of mixing.

Example AAG

Step #1: Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

24 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

4 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of Octanol

Heat it up to 50 C in microwave, and hand shake for a couple minutes.

Step #2: Add 9 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio) into theprevious solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.

Step #3: This solution was placed in a Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixercup, placed into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm,96 kPa vacuum for 3 minutes of mixing.

Results: The above emulsion was mixed well, and test results were asgood at the beginning and then nanoemulsion got cloudy after 2-3 weekslater at room temperature. At low temperatures (0-15° C.), it got cloudyeasily. This was deemed a failed test.

Example AAH

Step #1: Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

14 g Filtered Brita® Water

5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

1 g Hexadecane (HD)

3.5 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of Octanol

Heat it up to 50 C in microwave, and hand shake for a couple minutes.

Step #2: Add 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:1 weight ratio) into theprevious solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.

Step #3: This solution was placed in a Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixercup, placed into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm,96 kPa vacuum for 3 minutes of mixing.

Example AAI

Step #1: Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

14 g Filtered Brita® Water

5 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

3.5 g Ethylene Glycol

2 drops of Octanol

Heat it up to 50 C in microwave, and hand shake for a couple minutes.

Step #2: Add 6 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:3 weight ratio) into theprevious solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.

Step #3: This solution was placed in a Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixercup, placed into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm,96 kPa vacuum for 3 minutes of mixing.

Note that in Test 187, 2 drops of octanol was not used because of theabsence of bubbles in nanofuel.

Example AAJ

Step #1: Put the following items into a vacuum mixer jar with a lid on:

35 g Diesel (QT Station®, Wichita, Kans.)

24 g Filtered Brita® Water

6 g Triton X-100+Span 80+Tween 80 solution (prepare a mixture of TritonX-100+Span 80+Tween 80 at 1:1:1 weight ratio)

4 g Ethylene Glycol

Heat it up to 50 C in microwave, and hand shake for a couple minutes.

Step #2: Add 9 g Triton X-100+Span 80 (1:2 weight ratio) into theprevious solution at 50 C and hand shake again for a couple minutes.

Step #3: Put this solution in the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer cup,place into the Thinky® Planetary Vacuum Mixer and run at 2000 rpm and 96kPa for 3 minutes of mixing. You can try other speeds, vacuums andmixing times later to get better nanofuels.

1. A clear nanoemulsion fuel that is 20 to 40 weight percent waterresulting from the following steps: providing an oleaginous base fuel;adding water in an amount of 20 to 40 weight percent to said resultingclear nanoemulsion fuel; providing a first surfactant mixturecomprising, in substantially equal weight ratios, polyethylene glycoltert-octylphenyl ether, sorbitan monooleate, and polyoxyethylene (20)sorbitan monooleate; adding the first surfactant mixture to the waterand the base fuel; high-speed mixing the first surfactant mixture,water, and base fuel mixture at a temperature between 40 and 50 degreesCelsius to create a homogeneous milky product cooled to roomtemperature; providing a second surfactant mixture comprising insubstantially equal weight ratios polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitanmonooleate and sorbitan monooleate; adding the second surfactant mixtureto the homogeneous milky product; high-speed mixing the secondsurfactant mixture and the homogeneous milky product at a temperaturebetween 40 and 50 degrees Celsius; and continuing to mix the secondsurfactant mixture and the homogeneous milky product mixture whilecooling the mixture to between 20 and 25 degrees Celsius to create saidclear nanoemulsion fuel.
 2. The clear nanoemulsion fuel of claim 1wherein the step of adding the first surfactant mixture to the water andthe base fuel further comprises adding a first additive of ethyleneglycol and a second additive of hexadecane.
 3. The clear nanoemulsionfuel of claim 1 wherein the base fuel is selected from the groupconsisting of diesel, biodiesel, gasoline, kerosene, mineral oil,synthetic oil, fuel oil, bunker oil, jet oil, and Fuel #4.
 4. Ananoemulsion fuel comprising: an external oleaginous phase comprised ofbase fuel more than 35 weight percent but less than 80 weight percent;an internal aqueous phase comprised of water more than 10 weight percentbut less than 50 wt percent; and a surfactant mixture comprising a firstnonionic surfactant, a second nonionic surfactant and a third nonionicsurfactant in substantially equal weight ratios, wherein the firstsurfactant has a HLB value above 11, the second surfactant has a HLBvalue below 5, and the third surfactant has a HLB value above
 11. 5. Thenanoemulsion fuel of claim 4 further comprising: a first additivecomprising an alkane glycol less than 7 weight percent.
 6. Thenanoemulsion fuel of claim 4 further comprising: a second additivecomprising an alkane hydrocarbon less than 3 weight percent.
 7. Thenanoemulsion fuel of claim 4 wherein the first surfactant comprises ahydrophilic polyethylene oxide chain and an aromatic hydrocarbonlipophilic or hydrophobic group.
 8. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 7wherein the second surfactant and the third surfactant are derived fromsorbitol and a fatty acid.
 9. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 8 whereinthe third surfactant is polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate and thesecond surfactant is sorbitan monooleate.
 10. The nanoemulsion fuel ofclaim 9 wherein the nanoemulsion is mixed with a second surfactantmixture comprised of the first surfactant and the second surfactant toform a stable nanoemulsion fuel.
 11. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 10wherein the base fuel is selected from diesel, biodiesel, gasoline,kerosene, mineral oil, synthetic oil, fuel oil, bunker oil, jet oil, andFuel #4.
 12. A nanoemulsion fuel comprising: an external oleaginousphase comprised of base fuel; an internal aqueous phase comprised ofwater; and a surfactant mixture comprised of a plurality of surfactants,the first surfactant derived from ethylene oxide, the second surfactantand the third surfactant are detergents having a fatty acid.
 13. Thenanoemulsion fuel of claim 12 further comprising: a first additivecomprising an alkane glycol less than 7 weight percent.
 14. Thenanoemulsion fuel of claim 12 further comprising: a second additivecomprising an alkane hydrocarbon less than 3 weight percent.
 15. Thenanoemulsion fuel of claim 12 wherein the first surfactant comprises ahydrophilic polyethylene oxide chain and an aromatic hydrocarbonlipophilic or hydrophobic group.
 16. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 15wherein the second surfactant and the third surfactant are derived fromsorbitol and a fatty acid.
 17. The nanoemulsion fuel of claim 16 whereinthe third surfactant is polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate and thesecond surfactant is sorbitan monooleate.
 18. The nanoemulsion fuel ofclaim 17 wherein a nanoemulsion is formed from mixing the base fuel andwater with a first surfactant mixture comprising equal weightpercentages of the first, second and third surfactants.
 19. Thenanoemulsion fuel of claim 18 wherein the nanoemulsion is mixed with asecond surfactant mixture comprised of the first surfactant and thesecond surfactant to form a stable nanoemulsion fuel.
 20. Thenanoemulsion fuel of claim 19 wherein the base fuel is selected fromdiesel, biodiesel, gasoline, kerosene, mineral oil, synthetic oil, fueloil, bunker oil, jet oil, and Fuel #4, and further wherein the weightpercentage of water is at least 10 percent.